The most common injuries are those on the ligaments (sprains), especially on the external side, very common in basketball and football. 20% of sprains become chronic leading to instability (continuous failures and repeated sprains) that eventually can turn into ankle osteoarthritis. They are initially treated with ankle support or functional taping, both followed by a comprehensive rehabilitation program. If there is no improvement, we conducted an artrhoscopy to find and treat associated intraarticular injuries as ""impingement"" (grip) of soft tissue or bone, synovitis, cartilage lesions (osteochondritis), other ligaments’ lesions or loose bodies. After the arthroscopy, and in the same surgical procedure, a tensioning or reconstruction of the ligaments is performed. Injuries on the peroneal tendons (tendinitis ruptures) are frequently associated with unstable ankles and should be treated at the same time as the ligament injuries.
Talar osteochondral lesions are treated by arthroscopy, except those that may require larger osteochondral transplantation (mosaicplasty).
Many of these surgeries are associated with the contribution of growth factors to achieve a faster recovery of the injured tissues.
